Early commitment of cardiovascular autonomic modulation in Brazilian patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic abnormalities in congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) are associated with microvascular complications. However, the evaluation of different types of neuropathy in these patients, including the commitment of cardiovascular autonomic modulation, is scarce. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) in patients with CGL compared with individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy subjects. METHODS: Ten patients with CGL, 20 patients with type 1 diabetes and 20 healthy subjects were included in the study. Controls were paired 1:2 for age, gender, BMI and pubertal stage. Heart rate variability (HRV) was analyzed using cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests, including postural hypotension test, Valsalva (VAL), respiratory (E/I) and orthostatic (30/15) coefficients, and spectral analysis of the HRV, determining very low (VLF), low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies components. The diagnosis of CAN was defined as the presence of at least two altered tests. RESULTS: CAN was detected in 40% of the CGL patients, 5% in type 1 diabetes patients and was absent in healthy individuals (p < 0.05). We observed a significant reduction in the E/I, VLF, LF and HF in CGL cases vs. type 1 diabetes and healthy individuals and lower levels of 30/15 and VAL in CGL vs. healthy individuals. A significant positive correlation was observed between leptin and 30/15 coefficient (r = 0.396; p = 0.036) after adjusting for insulin resistance and triglycerides. Autonomic cardiovascular tests were associated with HbA1c, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and albumin/creatinine ratio in CGL cases. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a high prevalence of CAN in young patients with CGL, suggesting that insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia and hypoleptinemia, may have been involved in early CAN development. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the role of leptinemia in the physiopathogenesis of the condition.

Effects of non-supervised low intensity aerobic excise training on the microvascular endothelial function of patients with type 1 diabetes: a non-pharmacological interventional study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to evaluate changes in microvascular density and reactivity in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) resulting from low intensity chronic exercise training. METHODS: This study included 22 (34 ± 7 ears) consecutive outpatients with T1D and disease duration > 6 years. We used intravital video-microscopy to measure basal skin capillary density and capillary recruitment using post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH) in the dorsum of the fingers. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation of the skin microcirculation was evaluated in the forearm with a laser Doppler flow monitoring (LDF) system in combination with acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside iontophoresis, PORH and local thermal hyperemia. RESULTS: The basal mean capillary density (MCD) after exercise training was significantly higher than before exercise (134 ± 25 vs. 119 ± 19 capillaries/mm(2), respectively; P = 0.0013). MCD during PORH was also higher after exercise (140 ± 26 vs. 121 ± 24 capillaries/mm(2), respectively; P < 0.0001). Endothelium-dependent capillary recruitment during PORH was also significantly higher after exercise (140 ± 26 vs. 134 ± 25 capillaries/mm(2), respectively; P < 0.0012). There were no significant changes in skin microvascular reactivity after exercise as investigated using LDF. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that low intensity aerobic exercise, performed four times per week for 12 weeks by patients with T1D, induces significant increases in microvascular density and endothelial-dependent capillary reactivity. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02441504. Registered 7 May 2015.

Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion Weighted MR Imaging at 3.0 T: Assessment of Steatohepatitis and Fibrosis Compared with Liver Biopsy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the capability of intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to assess steatohepatitis and fibrosis determined by histopathology in type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS: Fifty-nine type 2 diabetic patients (49 women, 10 men; mean age, 54 ± 9 years) were submitted to liver biopsy for the evaluation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and underwent DWI on a 3.0T MR system using 10 b values. Institutional approval and patient consent were obtained. Pure molecular-based (D), perfusion-related (D*), and vascular fraction (f) were calculated using a double exponential model and least squares curve fitting. D, D*, and f were compared between patients with and without steatohepatitis and between patients with and without fibrosis. The variables were compared by using the Ranksum test and Student t-test. RESULTS: Steatohepatitis was observed in 22 patients and fibrosis in 16 patients. A lower D median (0.70 s/mm2 vs. 0.83 s/mm2, p<0.05) and a lower D* median (34.39 s/mm2 vs. 45.23 s/mm2, p<0.05) were observed among those with steatohepatitis. A lower D median (0.70 s/mm2 vs. 0.82 s/mm2, p<0.05) and a lower D* median (35.01 s/mm2 vs. 44.76 s/mm2, p=0.05) were also observed among those with fibrosis. CONCLUSION: IVIM-DWI has the potential to aid in the characterization of steatohepatitis and fibrosis.

Is MR spectroscopy really the best MR-based method for the evaluation of fatty liver in diabetic patients in clinical practice?

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is the best Magnetic Resonance (MR)-based method when compared to gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection and quantification of liver steatosis in diabetic patients in the clinical practice using liver biopsy as the reference standard, and to assess the influence of steatohepatitis and fibrosis on liver fat quantification. METHODS: Institutional approval and patient consent were obtained for this prospective study. Seventy-three patients with type 2 diabetes (60 women and 13 men; mean age, 54 ± 9 years) underwent MRI and MRS at 3.0 T. The liver fat fraction was calculated from triple- and multi-echo gradient-echo sequences, and MRS data. Liver specimens were obtained in all patients. The accuracy for liver fat detection was estimated by receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, and the correlation between fat quantification by imaging and histolopathology was analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: The prevalence of hepatic steatosis was 92%. All gradient-echo MRI and MRS findings strongly correlated with biopsy findings (triple-echo, rho = 0.819; multi-echo, rho = 0.773; MRS, rho = 0.767). Areas under the ROC curves to detect mild, moderate, and severe steatosis were: triple-echo sequences, 0.961, 0.975, and 0.962; multi-echo sequences, 0.878, 0.979, and 0.961; and MRS, 0.981, 0.980, and 0.954. The thresholds for mild, moderate, and severe steatosis were: triple-echo sequences, 4.09, 9.34, and 12.34, multi-echo sequences, 7.53, 11.75, and 15.08, and MRS, 1.71, 11.69, and 14.91. Quantification was not significantly influenced by steatohepatitis or fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS: Liver fat quantification by MR methods strongly correlates with histopathology. Due to the wide availability and easier post-processing, gradient-echo sequences may represent the best imaging method for the detection and quantification of liver fat fraction in diabetic patients in the clinical practice.

Influence of a family history of type 2 diabetes, demographic and clinical data on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Intima-media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery is a surrogate end point of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Identifying the factors associated with a higher IMT may contribute to the identification of subjects with higher CVD risk. Our objective was to compare the common carotid IMT of type 1 diabetes patients to healthy control subjects. The secondary objective was to determine factors associated with a higher carotid IMT. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study between March 2009 and October 2013, comprising 127 type 1 diabetes patients and 125 control subjects matched by age, gender and body mass index (BMI). Carotid IMT was measured using semi-automated edge detection software. RESULTS: Type 1 diabetes patients had a higher median IMT compared with control subjects (0.538; IQR: 0.500-0.607 vs 0.513 mm; IQR: 0.481-0.557, respectively p = 0.001). Women with type 1 diabetes had a higher median IMT difference compared to the control group (0.537; IQR: 0.495-0.596 vs 0.502 mm; IQR: 0.472-0.543, respectively p = 0.003) than did men with type 1 diabetes (0.547; IQR: 0.504-0.613 vs 0.528 mm; IQR: 0.492-0.575, respectively p = 0.2). Age and diabetes duration had an additive effect on the IMT of type 1 diabetes patients. Multivariate gamma regression model analysis showed that in type 1 diabetes patients, the IMT was associated with age (Exp (ß) = 1.006, p < 0.001), duration of diabetes (Exp (ß) = 1.004, p = 0.001), BMI (Exp (ß) = 1.005, p = 0.021), family history of type 2 diabetes (Exp (ß) = 1.044, p = 0.033), total cholesterol (Exp (ß) = 0.999, p = 0.001) and creatinine clearance (Exp (ß) = 1.000, p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with type 1 diabetes have increased IMT, a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. The CVD risk may be similar between men and women with type 1 diabetes, suggesting a loss of gender protection. Also, CVD risk may be higher in those with a family history of type 2 diabetes. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the predictive value of these findings and the causal effect between IMT and CVD in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Impact of diabetes on cardiovascular disease: an update.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. The proposed mechanisms that can link accelerated atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk in this population are poorly understood. It has been suggested that an association between hyperglycemia and intracellular metabolic changes can result in oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. Recently, epigenetic factors by different types of reactions are known to be responsible for the interaction between genes and environment and for this reason can also account for the association between diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The impact of clinical factors that may coexist with diabetes such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension are also discussed. Furthermore, evidence that justify screening for subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic patients is controversial and is also matter of this review. The purpose of this paper is to describe the association between poor glycemic control, oxidative stress, markers of insulin resistance, and of low-grade inflammation that have been suggested as putative factors linking diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Influência do índice glicêmico da dieta sobre parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 / Influence of dietary glycemic index on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência de uma intervenção não farmacológica, constituída de uma dieta de baixo índice glicêmico (IG) por um período de seis meses, no controle metabólico e nos indicadores antropométricos de pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1). SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: Noventa e seis pacientes com DM1 foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica, bioquímica e dietética antes e 6 meses após a prescrição de uma dieta baseada no índice glicêmico. RESULTADOS: Observamos diminuição significativa da A1c (9,8 ± 2,26 por cento vs. 9,1 ± 2,16 por cento; p = 0,023) e aumento de peso (61,3 ± 11,68 kg vs. 62,8 ± 12,07 kg; p = 0,04) após o período de intervenção. CONCLUSÃO: A dieta de baixo índice glicêmico foi capaz de melhorar o controle glicêmico em pacientes com DM1. Estudos com maior tempo de seguimento serão necessários para estabelecermos se a aderência dos pacientes a esse tipo de dieta influencia na manutenção do controle glicêmico.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of a non-pharmacological intervention, consisting of a diet low glycemic index (GI) for a period of six months on metabolic control and anthropometric parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-six type 1 diabetic patients underwent an anthropometric, biochemical and dietary assessment before and six months after the prescription of diet based on the glycemic index. RESULTS: After six months we observed a decrease in A1C levels (9,8 ± 2,26 percent vs. 9,1 ± 2.16 percent; p = 0,023) and increase in body weight (61,3 ± 11,68 kg vs. 62,8 ± 12,07 kg; p = 0,04). CONCLUSION: A low GI diet improved glycemic control in patients with DM1. Further studies with longer time of follow-up are needed to assess if patients' adherence to this kind of diet influences the maintenance of glycemic control.

Metas de pressão arterial em pacientes com diabetes: [revisão] / Blood pressure goals in patients with diabetes: [review]

A coexistência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) e diabetes aumenta de forma sinérgica o risco de complicações micro e macrovasculares. Pressão arterial abaixo de130/80 mmHg tem sido recomendada para pacientes diabéticos por diferentes sociedades médicas e, na presença de proteinúria (1-2 g/dia) ou insuficiência renal crônica, níveis abaixo de 120/75 mmHg são indicados. Os grandes estudos clínicos que compararam os efeitos das intervenções anti-hipertensivas intensiva e convencional em pacientes diabéticos apresentam diferenças metodológicas quanto às características clínicas dos pacientes estudados, metas de pressão arterial objetivadas e definições de desfecho. Logo, os resultados encontrados também são divergentes. A busca de metas de pressão arterial rigorosas geralmente requer associação de múltiplas drogas e pode resultar em eventos adversos em populações de risco, especialmente portadoras de coronariopatia. Fatores como idade, presença de doença cardíaca preexistente ou nefropatia e/ou fatores de risco para complicações micro ou macrovasculares devem ser considerados ao se definirem as metas do tratamento anti-hipertensivo, já que os riscos e benefícios diferem entre populações de diferentes características.

The coexistence of hypertension and diabetes synergistically increases the risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications. Blood pressure levels below 130/80 mmHg have been recommended for diabetic patients by various medical societies and in the presence of proteinuria (1-2g/day) or chronic renal failure, levels below 120/75 mmHg are indicated. Large clinical studies which compared the effects of intensive and conventional antihypertensive interventions in patients with diabetes present methodological differences regarding clinical features of studied patients, blood pressure goals and outcome definitions. Therefore, the results also differ. The search for stringent blood pressure targets generally requires combination of multiple drugs and may result in adverse events in populations at risk, especially patients with coronary artery disease. Factors such as age, presence of pre-existing heart disease or nephropathy and/or risk factors for microor macrovascular complications, should be considered insetting the goals of antihypertensive treatment, since the risks and benefits differ between populations with different characteristics.

[Influence of dietary glycemic index on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes]. / Influência do índice glicêmico da dieta sobre parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of a non-pharmacological intervention, consisting of a diet low glycemic index (GI) for a period of six months on metabolic control and anthropometric parameters in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-six type 1 diabetic patients underwent an anthropometric, biochemical and dietary assessment before and six months after the prescription of diet based on the glycemic index. RESULTS: After six months we observed a decrease in A1C levels (9,8 ± 2,26% vs. 9,1 ± 2.16%; p = 0,023) and increase in body weight (61,3 ± 11,68 kg vs. 62,8 ± 12,07 kg; p = 0,04). CONCLUSION: A low GI diet improved glycemic control in patients with DM1. Further studies with longer time of follow-up are needed to assess if patients' adherence to this kind of diet influences the maintenance of glycemic control.

'Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome: providing an open access future for diabetes research'.

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome (D&MS), the official journal of the Brazilian Diabetes Society (SBD), is a new open access, peer reviewed journal publishing research on all aspects of the pathophysiology of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. With the many ongoing and upcoming challenges for diabetes diagnosis, treatment and care, a dedicated journal providing unrestricted access for researchers and health care professionals working in the field of diabetes is needed. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome aims to fulfil this need.

[Reliability of the classification of nutritional status obtained through the BMI and three different methods of body fat percentage in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus]. / Confiabilidade da classificação do estado nutricional obtida através do IMC e três diferentes métodos de percentual de gordura corporal em pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability of classification of nutritional status (NS) obtained through the body mass index (BMI) and three different methods of body composition (BC) in individuals type 1 diabetics (T1D) and non-diabetic subjects. METHODS: 84 patients with T1D and 37 controls were evaluated. Anthropometric data was collected to calculate BMI and assessment of BC was performed through the methods of skinfold thickness (SF), bipolar (BI) and tetrapolar (TT) bioelectrical impedance. The agreement between the scores of each method was determined by Kappa (K) coefficient. RESULTS: Considering all the patients, only 48 (57.1%) presented classification of BMI that agreed with the SF method, 58 (69%) with the BI and 45 (53.5%) with the TT. The K results for individuals with T1D was DC = 0.261, BI = 0.320 and TT = 0.174. The controls had higher values (DC = 0.605, BI = 0.360 and TT = 0.400). However, all values were considered low. CONCLUSIONS: The method of BMI showed little sensitivity to BC changes in patients with T1D. Appropriated methods for the assessment of BC should be used to classify the NS of this population.

Confiabilidade da classificação do estado nutricional obtida através do IMC e três diferentes métodos de percentual de gordura corporal em pacientes com diabetes melito tipo 1 / Reliability of the classification of nutritional status obtained through the BMI and three different methods of body fat percentage in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a confiabilidade da classificação do estado nutricional (EN) obtida através do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e três diferentes métodos de composição corporal (CC) em indivíduos diabéticos tipo 1 (DM1) e não diabéticos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 84 pacientes com DM1 e 37 controles. Coletaram-se os dados antropométricos para calcular o IMC e a avaliação da CC foi obtida por meio dos métodos de dobras cutâneas (DC), bioimpedância elétrica bipolar (BI) e tetrapolar (TT). A adequação entre as classificações de cada método foi determinada pelo coeficiente Kappa (K). RESULTADOS: Dentre os 84 pacientes, apenas 48 (57,1 por cento) apresentaram classificação do IMC concordante com o método de DC, 58 (69 por cento) com o de BI e 45 (53,5 por cento) com o de TT. Os resultados do K para os indivíduos com DM1 foi de DC = 0,261, BI = 0,320 e TT = 0,174. Os controles apresentaram valores maiores (DC = 0,605, BI = 0,360 e TT = 0,400). Porém, todos os valores foram considerados baixos. CONCLUSÕES: O método de IMC mostrou-se pouco sensível às variações na CC dos indivíduos com DM1. Métodos próprios para a avaliação da CC devem ser utilizados na classificação do EN dessa população.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the reliability of classification of nutritional status (NS) obtained through the body mass index (BMI) and three different methods of body composition (BC) in individuals type 1 diabetics (T1D) and non-diabetic subjects. METHODS: 84 patients with T1D and 37 controls were evaluated. Anthropometric data was collected to calculate BMI and assessment of BC was performed through the methods of skinfold thickness (SF), bipolar (BI) and tetrapolar (TT) bioelectrical impedance. The agreement between the scores of each method was determined by Kappa (K) coefficient. RESULTS: Considering all the patients, only 48 (57.1 percent) presented classification of BMI that agreed with the SF method, 58 (69 percent) with the BI and 45 (53.5 percent) with the TT. The K results for individuals with T1D was DC = 0.261, BI = 0.320 and TT = 0.174. The controls had higher values (DC = 0.605, BI = 0.360 and TT = 0.400). However, all values were considered low. CONCLUSIONS: The method of BMI showed little sensitivity to BC changes in patients with T1D. Appropriated methods for the assessment of BC should be used to classify the NS of this population.

Serum platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity: a novel potential inflammatory marker in type 1 diabetes.

Plasma activity of the platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) plays an important role in inflammation and atherosclerotic process in chronic diseases. We aimed to evaluate the levels of PAF-AH activity and their association with the metabolic profile and chronic complications in patients with type 1 diabetes. The study included 118 outpatients (54 males) aged 27.1+/-11.3 years with disease duration of 12.3+/-8.5 years with (n=38) or without (n=80) diabetes complications and 96 control subjects (48 males) matched for age, gender, body mass index and smoking habits. The serum levels of PAF-AH activity were higher in patients either with or without chronic complications (16+/-5.3 and 14+/-5.4 nmol/(min mL), respectively) than in controls (13+/-5.1 nmol/(min mL), P=0.02). In the total population, PAF-AH activity was correlated with age, HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol. In patients, PAF-AH activity was correlated with age, HbA1c, uric acid, HDL-cholesterol, cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio and the LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol ratio. It is concluded that PAF-AH plasma activity could be a novel candidate for low-grade inflammatory marker in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Evolução para hipertensão arterial em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 / Type 1 diabetic patients evolution to hypertension

OBJETIVO: Determinar a evolução para hipertensão arterial (HA) e pré-hipertensão em pacientes diabéticos tipo 1 e os fatores preditores dos níveis pressóricos finais. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional contendo 127 diabéticos tipo 1 avaliados clínica e laboratorialmente e seguidos por 5 (2,4-9,2) anos. RESULTADOS: Dos pacientes inicialmente normotensos, 21,7 por cento desenvolve-ram pré-hipertensão, 4,7 por cento HA e 73,6 por cento permaneceram normotensos. Dos pré-hipertensos, 35 por cento normalizaram níveis pressóricos, 50 por cento permanece-ram pré-hipertensos e 15 por cento desenvolveram HA. O risco relativo de desenvolver HA foi de 3,2 (0,8-12,3) no grupo pré-hipertenso comparado ao grupo normotenso. As prevalências de pré-hipertensão e hipertensão aumentaram de 15,7 por cento para 26 por cento e de 0,8 por cento para 7 por cento, respectivamente, durante o seguimento. Níveis iniciais de creatinina sérica foram preditores dos níveis finais de pressão arterial diastólica e sistólica. CONCLUSÃO: Destaca-se a necessidade de estabelecer vigilância quanto aos níveis pressóricos e de creatinina sérica, mesmo quando estes ainda se encontram dentro da faixa de normalidade no intuito de minimizar os efeitos deletérios da HA no desenvolvimento de nefropatia e doenças cardiovasculares.

PURPOSE: Check the evolution of type 1(T1) diabetic patients to hypertension and prehypertension and baseline factors related to final blood pressure levels (BP). METHODS: Observational study involving 127 T1 diabetic patients submitted to clinical and laboratorial evaluation and followed by for 5 (2.4-9.2) years. RESULTS: From the initially normotensive patients, 21.7 percent developed prehypertension, 4.7 percent developed hypertension and 73.6 percent remained with normal BP. From the prehypertensive patients, 35 percent returned to normal BP, 50 percent remained prehypertensive and 15 percent developed hypertension. The relative risk for hypertension development was 3.2 (0.8-12.3) in the prehypertensive compared to the normotensive group. The prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension increased from 15.7 percent to 26 percent and 0.8 percent to 7 percent respectively. Levels of serum creatinine predicted final levels of systolic and diastolic BP. CONCLUSION: It is emphasized the importance of renal function and BP evaluation even when they are in normal range to minimize the deleterious effects of hypertension in the development of nephropathy and cardiovascular disease.

[QTc interval and traditional risk factors to atherosclerotic disease in patients with type 1 diabetes]. / Intervalo QT corrigido e fatores de risco tradicionais para doença aterosclerótica em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1.

To evaluate the QTc interval and its relation with clinical, laboratorial variables and LDL susceptibility to in vitro oxidation in patients with type 1 DM, we studied 40 diabetics and 33 non diabetics with 24.83 +/- 10.21 and 23.51 +/- 7.28 years old, respectively matched by sex, age and body mass index (BMI). We evaluated metabolic control, A and B apolipoproteins, LDL oxidation coefficient for spectrophotometry and electrocardiogram (ECG). Interval QTc was calculated by the Bazetts formula. There was no difference in QTc between diabetic and non diabetic groups (394.43 +/- 19.98 ms versus 401.31 +/- 17.83 ms; p = 0.2065). Five diabetics showed increased QTc (396.76 +/- 14.63 ms versus 429.75 +/- 1.89 ms; p < 0.001) and lesser A apolipoprotein levels than rest of diabetic group (74.60 +/- 25.42 mg/dL versus 113.64 +/- 29.79 mg/dL; p = 0,011). In pooled sample, there was correlation between QTc and BMI (rho = -0.288; p = 0.045), pot-prandial glycemia (rho = 0.357; p = 0.016) and 3 h oxidation coefficient (OxC3h) (r = -0.293; p = 0.039). In diabetics, there was correlation between QTc and triglycerides (rho = -0.420; p = 0.023) and OxC3h (r = -0.427; p = 0.021). Although there was no difference between QTc of diabetics and the non diabetics subjects studied, there was correlation with risk factors for the atherosclerotic disease. Further studies are necessary to establish the real predictive value of QTc for this type of disease in the patients with type 1 DM.

Avaliação da secreção e resistência insulínica em indivíduos com diferentes graus de tolerância à glicose - do metabolismo normal ao diabetes mellitus / Insulin resistance and secretion assessment across a range of glucose tolerance from normal individuals through diabetes

OBJETIVO: Os principais objetivos são determinar a associação entre os parâmetros clínicos e demográficos e os diferentes índices de secreção e resistência insulínica em indivíduos aparentemente saudáveis, sem conhecimento prévio de seu grau de tolerância à glicose. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Submetemos ao teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TOTG), no período de fevereiro a agosto de 2003, 105 indivíduos com média de idade de 33,4 ± 1,4 anos, sendo 57,1 por cento do sexo feminino, subdividindo-os em 4 grupos: grupo 0 (normais): indivíduos com IMC < 25 e metabolismo glicídico normal, grupo 1 (obesos): IMC > 25 e metabolismo glicídico normal, grupo 2 (IFG): glicemia de jejum alterada e grupo 3 (IOG): intolerância oral à glicose. RESULTADOS: Encontramos diferença estatística para todas as variáveis analisadas durante o TOTG dentre os 4 grupos de indivíduos: glicemias de jejum e em 2 horas (p < 0,05; p < 0,05), valor de pico (p < 0,05), delta (p = 0,02), percentual de incremento (p = 0,047), área sob a curva (p < 0,05) e tempo de pico da glicose (p = 0,022). Não encontramos diferença para a velocidade de incremento da glicose, assim como para nenhuma variável da curva de insulina. Em relação aos índices de secreção insulínica, não houve significância estatística para os índices insulinogênico ou delta, porém estes tornaram-se significantes após correção da secreção pela resistência insulínica (p = 0,008). Quanto aos índices de resistência insulínica, os índices HOMA e QUICKI foram estatisticamente significativos (p = 0,005; p = 0,005, respectivamente), assim como a relação glicose/insulina em jejum (p = 0,053). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do tamanho limitado da amostra, podemos inferir que indivíduos com intolerância à glicose em jejum e pós-prandial possivelmente estão em momentos diferentes da história natural da doença. Nossos dados demonstram que os melhores índices para a avaliação de resistência insulínica são o HOMA e o QUICKI, e que os...

AIM AND METHODS: Our main aim was to determine the association between clinical, demographical parameters and different insulin resistance and secretion indices in apparently healthy subjects, without previous knowledge of their own level of glucose tolerance. For that purpose, we evaluated 105 individuals from February to August 2003 by means of OGTT, aged 33.4 ± 1.4 years old, 57.1 percent female. We allocated them in four groups: group 0 (normal): individuals with BMI < 25 Kg/m² and normal glucose metabolism, group 1 (obese): BMI > 25 Kg/m² and normal glucose metabolism, group 2 (IFG): impaired fasting glucose and group 3 (IGT): impaired glucose tolerance. RESULTS: We have found statistical difference on all variables during OGTT between all groups: fasting glucose (p < 0.05), 2-hour glucose (p < 0.05), glucose peak value (p < 0.05), glucose delta (p = 0.02), glucose incremental percentage (p = 0.047), area under curve (p < 0.05), and glucose peak time (p = 0.022). We have not found difference on any variable in insulin curves or on glucose incremental velocity. Regarding insulin secretion indices there were no statistical significance in insulinogenic or delta indices, but they became significant after being corrected by insulin resistance (p = 0.008). When we evaluated insulin resistance alone, by using HOMA and QUICKI indices and the fasting glucose to insulin index, we have found statistical significance (p = 0.005; p = 0.005; p = 0.053). CONCLUSION: Although studying a small sample, we could suggest that individuals with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance are in different stages of diabetes natural history disease. We found out that the best indices of insulin resistance are both HOMA and QUICKI. We also suggest that pancreatic secretion indices should be corrected by the insulin resistance, which could best reflect type 2 diabetes natural history.

Intervalo QT corrigido e fatores de risco tradicionais para doença aterosclerótica em pacientes com diabetes tipo 1 / QTc Interval and traditional risk factors to atherosclerotic disease in patients with type 1 diabetes

Visando avaliar o intervalo QTc e sua relação com variáveis clínicas, laboratoriais e com suscetibilidade da LDL à oxidação in vitro em pacientes com DM1, estudamos 40 diabéticos e 33 não diabéticos com idades de 24,83 ± 10,21 e 23,51 ± 7,28 anos, respectivamente, pareados por sexo, idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Avaliamos controle metabólico, apolipoproteínas A e B, coeficiente de oxidação da LDL por espectrofotometria e eletrocardiograma (ECG). O intervalo QTc foi calculado pela fórmula de Bazett. Não houve diferença no QTc entre os grupos dos DM1 e dos não diabéticos (394,43 ± 19,98 ms vs. 401,31 ± 17,83 ms; p = 0,2065). Cinco diabéticos apresentavam QTc aumentado (396,76 ± 14,63 ms vs. 429,75 ± 1,89 ms; p < 0,001) e menores níveis de apolipoproteína A que os demais diabéticos (74,60 ± 25,42 mg/dL vs. 113,64 ± 29,79 mg/dL; p = 0,011). Na amostra total, houve correlação entre QTc e IMC (rho = -0,288; p = 0,045), glicemia pós-prandial (rho = 0,357; p = 0,016) e coeficiente de oxidação 3 h (Cox3h) (r = -0,293; p = 0,039). Nos diabéticos, encontramos correlação entre QTc e triglicerídeos (rho = -0,420; p = 0,023) e Cox3h (r = -0,427; p = 0,021). Embora não tenhamos encontrado diferença entre o QTc dos diabéticos e não diabéticos estudados, houve correlação com marcadores de risco para a doença aterosclerótica. Entretanto, ainda são necessários mais estudos para estabelecer o real valor preditivo do QTc para esta doença nos pacientes com DM1.

To evaluate the QTc interval and its relation with clinical, laboratorial variables and LDL susceptibility to in vitro oxidation in patients with type 1 DM, we studied 40 diabetics and 33 non diabetics with 24.83 ± 10.21 and 23.51 ± 7.28 years old, respectively matched by sex, age and body mass index (BMI). We evaluated metabolic control, A and B apolipoproteins, LDL oxidation coefficient for spectrophotometry and electrocardiogram (ECG). Interval QTc was calculated by the Bazett’s formula. There was no difference in QTc between diabetic and non diabetic groups (394.43 ± 19.98 ms versus 401.31 ± 17.83 ms; p = 0.2065). Five diabetics showed increased QTc (396.76 ± 14.63 ms versus 429.75 ± 1.89 ms; p < 0.001) and lesser A apolipoprotein levels than rest of diabetic group (74.60 ± 25.42 mg/dL versus 113.64 ± 29.79 mg/dL; p = 0,011). In pooled sample, there was correlation between QTc and BMI (rho = -0.288; p = 0.045), pot-prandial glycemia (rho = 0.357; p = 0.016) and 3 h oxidation coefficient (OxC3h) (r = -0.293; p = 0.039). In diabetics, there was correlation between QTc and triglycerides (rho = -0.420; p = 0.023) and OxC3h (r = -0.427; p = 0.021). Although there was no difference between QTc of diabetics and the non diabetics subjects studied, there was correlation with risk factors for the atherosclerotic disease. Further studies are necessary to establish the real predictive value of QTc for this type of disease in the patients with type 1 DM.